Sec Form 13D Filing - FRANKLIN RESOURCES INC (BEN) filing for Timber Pharmaceuticals Inc. (TMBR) - 2018-12-07

                                                UNITED STATES

                                      SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

                                            Washington, D.C. 20549

                                                 SCHEDULE 13D

                                  Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

                                              (Amendment No. 5)*

                                            BioPharmX Corporation

                                               (Name of Issuer)

                                        Common Stock, $0.001 par value

                                        (Title of Class of Securities)

                                                  09072X101

                                                (CUSIP Number)

                                                  Maria Gray

                                         Vice President and Secretary

                                           Franklin Resources, Inc.

                                             One Franklin Parkway

                                           San Mateo, CA 94403‑1906

                                                 800‑632‑2350

                         (Name, Address and Telephone Number of Person Authorized to

                                     Receive Notices and Communications)

                                               November 26, 2018

                           (Date of Event Which Requires Filing of this Statement)

      If the filing person has previously filed a statement on Schedule 13G to report the acquisition that is the

      subject of this Schedule 13D, and is filing this schedule because of §§240.13d‑1(e), 240.13d‑1(f) or

      240.13d‑1(g), check the following box.[  ]

      Note: Schedules filed in paper format shall include a signed original and five copies of the schedule,

      including all exhibits. See §240.13d‑7 for other parties to whom copies are to be sent.

      *The remainder of this cover page shall be filled out for a reporting person's initial filing on this form

      with respect to the subject class of securities, and for any subsequent amendment containing information

      which would alter the disclosures provided in a prior cover page.

      The information required on the remainder of this cover page shall not be deemed to be "filed" for the

      purpose of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Act") or otherwise subject to the liabilities

of that section of the Act but shall be subject to all other provisions of the Act (however, see the notes hereto).

      1.     NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS.    

             Franklin Resources, Inc.  

      2.     CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP

             (a)

             (b) X

      3.     SEC USE ONLY

      4.     SOURCE OF FUNDS

             OO

      5.     CHECK IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED

             PURSUANT TO ITEMS 2(d) OR 2(e)[ ]

      6.     CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION

             Delaware

      NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH:

      7.     SOLE VOTING POWER

             (See Item 5)

      8.     SHARED VOTING POWER

             (See Item 5)

      9.     SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER

             (See Item 5)

      10.    SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER

             (See Item 5)

      11.    AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON

             8,135,865¹

      12.    CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (11) EXCLUDES

             CERTAIN SHARES [ ]

      13.    PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (11)

             4.2%

      14.    TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON

             HC, CO (See Item 5)

      1.     NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS.    

             Charles B. Johnson

      2.     CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP

             (a)

             (b) X

      3.     SEC USE ONLY

      4.     SOURCE OF FUNDS

             OO

      5.     CHECK IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED

             PURSUANT TO ITEMS 2(d) OR 2(e)[ ]

      6.     CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION

             USA

      NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH:

      7.     SOLE VOTING POWER

             (See Item 5)

      8.     SHARED VOTING POWER

             (See Item 5)

      9.     SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER

             (See Item 5)

      10.    SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER

             (See Item 5)

      11.    AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON

             8,135,865

      12.    CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (11) EXCLUDES

             CERTAIN SHARES [ ]

      13.    PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (11)

             4.2%

      14.    TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON

             HC,IN (See Item 5)

      1.     NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS.    

             Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

      2.     CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP

             (a)

             (b) X

      3.     SEC USE ONLY

      4.     SOURCE OF FUNDS

             OO

      5.     CHECK IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED

             PURSUANT TO ITEMS 2(d) OR 2(e)[ ]

      6.     CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION

             USA

      NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH:

      7.     SOLE VOTING POWER

             (See Item 5)

      8.     SHARED VOTING POWER

             (See Item 5)

      9.     SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER

             (See Item 5)

      10.    SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER

             (See Item 5)

      11.    AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON

             8,135,865

      12.    CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (11) EXCLUDES

             CERTAIN SHARES [ ]

      13.    PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (11)

             4.2%

      14.    TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON

             HC,IN (See Item 5)

      1.     NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS.    

             Franklin Advisers, Inc.

      2.     CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP

             (a)

             (b) X

      3.     SEC USE ONLY

      4.     SOURCE OF FUNDS

             OO

      5.     CHECK IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED

             PURSUANT TO ITEMS 2(d) OR 2(e)[ ]

      6.     CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION

             California

      NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH:

      7.     SOLE VOTING POWER

             8,135,865

      8.     SHARED VOTING POWER

             0

      9.     SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER

             8,135,865

  ;

      10.    SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER

             0

      11.    AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON

             8,135,865

      12.    CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (11) EXCLUDES

             CERTAIN SHARES [ ]

      13.    PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (11)

             4.2%

      14.    TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON

             IA,CO (See Item 5)

This Amendment No. 5 amends and supplements the Schedule 13D originally filed by the reporting persons with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on December 21, 2015 (the “Original Schedule 13D,” and together with Amendment No. 1, Amendment No. 2, Amendment No. 3, Amendment No. 4 collectively, the “Schedule 13D”).  The information herein is provided and is correct as of December 4, 2018.  Unless otherwise indicated, each capitalized term used but not defined herein shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the Original Schedule 13D.

Item 1. Security and Issuer

This statement relates to the Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value (the "Common Stock" ), of BioPharmX Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the "Issuer"), whose principal executive offices are located at 1505 Adams Drive, Suite D, Menlo Park, California, 94025.

      Item 2. Identity and Background

(a)-(c), (f)  The persons filing this Statement and the citizenship of such filers are listed on the cover pages hereto.  The directors and principal executive officers of Franklin Resources, Inc. (“FRI”) and its indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, Franklin Advisers, Inc. (“FAV”), their present principal occupations, citizenship and business addresses, and the business addresses of the filers are listed on Exhibit A.

(d)  During the last five years, none of the filers, and to the best knowledge of the filers, none of the persons listed on Exhibit A has been convicted in a criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations or similar misdemeanors).

(e)  During the last five years, none of the filers, and to the best knowledge of the filers, none of the persons listed on Exhibit A was a party to a civil proceeding of a judicial or administrative body of competent jurisdiction and as a result of such proceeding was or is subject to a judgment, decree or final order enjoining future violations of, or prohibiting or mandating activities subject to, federal or state securities laws or finding any violation with respect to such laws.

Item 3.  Source and Amount of Funds or Other Consideration

The Common Stock was acquired from the Issuer in private placements, underwritten public offerings and an open market purchase.  On December 10, 2015, pursuant to a Purchase Agreement dated December 9, 2015 (the “December Purchase Agreement,” incorporated by reference herein as Exhibit E) among the Issuer, Franklin Strategic Series - Franklin Biotechnology Discovery Fund and Franklin Templeton Investment Funds - Franklin Biotechnology Discovery Fund, clients of FAV (collectively, “Clients”) purchased 4,100,000 shares of the Common Stock with funds of $5,863,000.  On March 29, 2016, FAV acquired on behalf of the Clients 540,000 shares of Common Stock and warrants exercisable for 270,000 shares of the Common Stock (the “Warrants”) with funds of $648,000 in an underwritten public offering by the Issuer.  The second private placement was on August 17, 2016, pursuant to a Purchase Agreement dated August 12, 2016 (the “August Purchase Agreement,” incorporated by reference herein as Exhibit H) among the Issuer, the Clients and other purchasers, in which the Clients acquired 484,615 shares of the Common Stock with funds of $315,000.  On November 22, 2016, FAV acquired on behalf of the Clients 4,375,000 Class A Units, each consisting of one share of Common Stock and one Class A Warrant to purchase 0.75 of a share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.35 per share (the “Class A Warrants”) with funds of $1,531,250 in an underwritten public offering by the Issuer.  On August 1, 2017, FAV acquired on behalf of the Clients 250,000 shares of the Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.3372 per share, with funds of $85,550 in an open market purchase.  All such funds were provided from investment capital of the Clients. 

The Class A Warrants were not previously included in the securities deemed to be beneficially owned by the filers because they were not then exercisable within the next 60 days.  The Class A Warrants became exercisable on the first trading day after the one year anniversary of their issuance. 

      Item 4.  Purpose of Transactions

FAV acquired the Common Stock and warrants described in Item 3 for the Clients for the purpose of investment.  The provisions of the agreements discussed below, however, affect FAV’s investment purpose and describe its plans with respect to the Common Stock.

Recommendation of Director.  In connection with the December Purchase Agreement, the Issuer and the Clients entered into a Standstill Agreement (the “Standstill Agreement”), which is incorporated by reference herein as Exhibit F.  Pursuant to the August Purchase Agreement, the Issuer and the Clients entered into a new Standstill Agreement (incorporated by reference herein as Exhibit I), which superseded and replaced in its entirety the Standstill Agreement.  Under those Agreements, as long as the Clients and their affiliates collectively held at least 9.99% of the outstanding Common Stock (including securities convertible into Common Stock), the Clients were entitled to recommend a candidate who is not an affiliate of the Clients or the Issuer to be appointed as a member of the Issuer’s board of directors (the “Board”).  The Clients and their affiliates, as a result of dilution due to additional issuances of Common Stock by the Issuer, now collectively hold less than 9.99% of the outstanding Common Stock (including securities convertible into Common Stock) and therefore no longer have the right to recommend a candidate to the Board.

Standstill.  Neither of the Clients, collectively or individually, nor any of their affiliates may in any manner, directly or indirectly, alone or in concert with others, acquire any of the Issuer’s securities or any securities convertible or exchangeable into any such securities that would result in such person or its affiliates owning, controlling or otherwise having any beneficial or other ownership of 25% or more of the total Common Stock then

outstanding (including securities convertible into Common Stock, but not stock options or other equity compensation arrangements to the Issuer’s service providers)(the “Standstill Percentage Limit”), unless approved by a majority of the Board’s disinterested members; provided that, the Clients, individually and collectively may make or discuss confidential, non-public offers regarding a potential negotiated transaction with the Issuer directly or with its management, affiliates or the Board, or their representatives. 

These standstill provisions will be suspended while any “person” or “group” (as defined by Section 13(d)(3) of the Act) (a) has entered into an agreement with the Issuer providing for the (i) Issuer’s acquisition, (ii) purchase or other acquisition of (or purchases or otherwise acquires) all or substantially all of the Issuer’s assets, (iii) sale or exclusive license of all or substantially all of the Issuer’s intellectual property, (iv) purchase or other acquisition of (or purchases or otherwise acquires) beneficial ownership of a majority of the Issuer’s voting power, or (b) has filed with the SEC a Schedule TO for a tender offer for or other acquisition of beneficial ownership of a majority of the Issuer’s voting power.  Such standstill provisions are also suspended if another holder of the Common Stock, together with its affiliates, acquires or otherwise beneficially owns more than the Standstill Percentage Limit in one or more transactions.

These standstill provisions terminate on the earlier of (a) August 12, 2024 or (b) the date the Clients and their affiliates or any Client and its affiliates cease to collectively hold at least 5% of the outstanding Common Stock (including securities convertible into Common Stock), except that in the case of clause (b), such termination only applies to the Clients collectively or any Client individually, as applicable, that ceases to hold, together with its affiliates, at least 5% of the outstanding Common Stock (including securities convertible into Common Stock).

Follow-On Financing.  Pursuant to the December Purchase Agreement, as amended by a letter agreement dated August 12, 2016, entered into among the Issuer and the Clients, until August 12, 2021, the Clients have the right to purchase up to an aggregate of 20% of the securities offered by the Issuer in any subsequent private placement on the same terms as offered to all other offerees; provided however that such right to purchase additional securities is limited so as to not require shareholder approval before the closing of such purchase as determined by the rules and regulations of any market or exchange on which the Issuer’s securities are then listed or otherwise.  The Issuer must give the Clients at least ten days prior written notice of any proposed follow-on financing and give them the right during the ten days following receipt of such notice to purchase the securities offered in such follow-on financing.  The letter agreement is incorporated by reference as Exhibit J .

Prohibited Transactions.  Prior to the effective date of the applicable registration statement required pursuant to the Issuer’s obligations under each Registration Rights Agreement (described below), the Clients may not, and are required to cause their affiliates not to, engage, directly or indirectly, effect or agree to effect any short sale, whether or not against the box, establish any “put equivalent position” (as defined in Rule 16a-1(h) under the Act) with respect to the Common Stock subject to that Registration Rights Agreement, grant any other right (including, without limitation, any put or call option) with respect to such Common Stock or with respect to any security that includes, relates to or derives any significant part of its value from the Common Stock or otherwise seek to hedge their positions in such Common Stock.

Registration Rights.  The Issuer and the Clients entered into a Registration Rights Agreement dated December 10, 2015 with respect to the Common Stock purchased under the December Purchase Agreement and a Registration Rights Agreement dated August 12, 2016 with respect to the Common Stock purchased under the August Purchase Agreement.  Under each Registration Rights Agreement, the Issuer agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC within 3 months from the closing of the Purchase Agreement related to that Registration Rights Agreement and to use commercially reasonable efforts to have such Registration Statement declared effective by the SEC. In the event that the Issuer does not file a Registration Statement within 3 months from the closing of the related Purchase Agreement, for all or part of any 30-day period during which the failure to file remains uncured, the Issuer shall issue to the Clients a number of shares of Common Stock at no cost to the Clients equal to 1.0% of the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock purchased by the Clients in the applicable private placement for each 30-day period during which the failure to file remains uncured, but in no event shall the Issuer be required to issue to the Clients an aggregate amount of shares of the Common Stock that exceeds 5% of the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock purchased by the Clients in that private placement.  Each Registration Rights Agreement also grants the Clients customary piggyback registration rights.  The Registration Rights Agreement relating to the December Purchase Agreement is incorporated by reference herein as Exhibit G and the Registration Rights Agreement relating to the August Purchase Agreement is incorporated by reference herein as Exhibit K.

Subject to the standstill provisions described above, the Clients, FAV on behalf of its clients and FRI’s other investment management subsidiaries on behalf of their clients, may in the future acquire additional shares of Common Stock or other securities of the Issuer, in the open market, in privately‑negotiated purchases or otherwise, and may also, depending upon then‑current circumstances and subject to the prohibited transactions discussed above, dispose of all or part of the Common Stock in one or more transactions.  Additionally, and subject to such standstill provisions, the Clients, FAV on behalf of its clients and such other investment management subsidiaries on behalf of their clients (if applicable) may exercise any and all of their rights as shareholders of the Issuer in a manner consistent with their equity interests and reserve the right from time to time to formulate plans or proposals regarding the Issuer or any of its securities, including without limitation to carry out any of the actions or transactions described in paragraphs (a) through (j) of the instructions to Item 4 of Schedule 13D, to the extent deemed advisable by FAV.

Except as described above, none of the investment management subsidiaries of FRI, and none of any of the other reporting persons covered by this Schedule 13D, currently has any plans or proposals that relate to or would result in any of the actions described in paragraphs (a) through (j) of the instructions to Item 4 of Schedule 13D, or any present plans or intentions to acquire or dispose of any securities of the Issuer other than on behalf of the Clients.

       Item 5.  Interest in Securities of the Issuer

(a-b) The Common Stock may be deemed to be beneficially owned by FAV for purposes of Rule 13d-3 under the Act in its capacity as the investment adviser to the Clients pursuant to investment management contracts that grant investment and/or voting power to FAV.  When an investment management contract (including a sub-advisory agreement) delegates to FAV investment discretion or voting power over the securities held in the investment advisory accounts that are subject to that agreement, FRI treats FAV as having sole investment discretion or voting authority, as the case may be, unless the agreement specifies otherwise.  Accordingly, FAV reports on Schedule 13D that it has sole investment discretion and voting authority over the securities covered by any such investment management agreement.  As a result, for purposes of Rule 13d-3 under the Act, FAV may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities reported in this Schedule 13D.

Beneficial ownership by FRI, FAV and their affiliates is being reported in conformity with the guidelines articulated by the SEC staff in Release No. 34‑39538 (January 12, 1998) relating to organizations, such as FRI, where related entities exercise voting and investment powers over the securities being reported independently from each other.  The voting and investment powers held by Franklin Mutual Advisers, LLC (“FMA”), an indirect wholly‑owned investment management subsidiary of FRI, are exercised independently from FRI and from all other investment management subsidiaries of FRI (FRI, its affiliates and the investment management subsidiaries other than FMA are, collectively, “FRI affiliates”).  Furthermore, internal policies and procedures of FMA and FRI establish informational barriers that prevent the flow between FMA and the FRI affiliates of information that relates to the voting and investment powers over the securities owned by their respective investment management clients. Consequently, FMA and the FRI affiliates report the securities over which they hold investment and voting power separately from each other for purposes of Section 13 of the Act.

Charles B. Johnson and Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. (the “Principal Shareholders”) each own in excess of 10% of the outstanding Common Stock of FRI and are the principal stockholders of FRI.  FRI and the Principal Shareholders may be deemed to be, for purposes of Rule 13d‑3 under the Act, the beneficial owners of securities held by persons and entities for whom or for which FRI’s subsidiaries provide investment management services.  The number of shares that may be deemed to be beneficially owned and the percentage of the class of which such shares are a part are reported in Items 11 and 13 of the cover pages for FRI and each of the Principal Shareholders.  FRI, the Principal Shareholders and FAV disclaim any pecuniary interest in any of the Common Stock.  In addition, the filing of the Schedule 13D on behalf of the Principal Shareholders, FRI and FAV should not be construed as an admission that any of them is, and each disclaims that it is, the beneficial owner, as defined in Rule 13d‑3, of any of the Common Stock.

FRI, the Principal Shareholders and FAV believe that they are not a “group” within the meaning of Rule 13d‑5 under the Act and that they are not otherwise required to attribute to each other the beneficial ownership of the Common Stock held by any of them or by any persons or entities for whom or for which FAV provides investment management services.

The number of shares of Common Stock as to which each reporting person on this Schedule 13D has:

      (c)    Other than the transactions described in Exhibit D, none of the reporting persons nor, to the best of their knowledge, any of the persons listed in Exhibit A, have effected any transactions in the Common Stock during the past sixty days.

      (d)    No other person is known to have the right to receive or the power to direct the receipt of dividends from, or the proceeds from the sale of, the Common Stock

      (e)    On December 4, 2018, the reporting persons ceased to be the beneficial owners of more than five percent of

             the Common Stock.

      Item 6.  Contracts, Arrangements, Understandings or Relationships with Respect to Securities of the

               Issuer

Other than as disclosed above, no person named in Item 2, nor to the best of any such person’s  knowledge, no person listed in Exhibit A, has any contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship (legal or otherwise) with any person with respect to any of the Issuer’s securities, including, but not limited to, transfer or voting of any of the securities, finders’ fees, joint ventures, loan or option arrangements, puts or calls, guarantees of profits, division of profits or loss, or giving or withholding proxies.

      Item 7.  Material to Be Filed as Exhibits

      Exhibit A: Principal Executive Officers and Directors of FRI

      Exhibit B: Joint Filing Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2018

      Exhibit C: Limited Powers of Attorney

      Exhibit D: Transactions in the past 60 Days.

      Exhibit E: Form of Purchase Agreement dated December 9, 2015, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Issuer’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 11, 2015

      Exhibit F: Form of Standstill Agreement dated December 10, 2015, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 of the Issuer’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 11, 2015

      Exhibit G: Form of Registration Rights Agreement dated December 10, 2015, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Issuer’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 11, 2015

      Exhibit H:  Form of Purchase Agreement dated August 12, 2016, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Issuer’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 18, 2016

      Exhibit I: Form of Standstill Agreement dated August 12, 2016, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Issuer’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 18, 2016

      Exhibit J: Form of Letter Agreement dated August 12, 2016, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Issuer’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 18, 2016

      Exhibit K: Form of Registration Rights Agreement dated August 12, 2016, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Issuer’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 18, 2016

                                            Signature

      After reasonable inquiry and to the best of my knowledge and belief, I certify that the information set

      forth in this statement is true, complete and correct.

      Dated:  December 7, 2018

Franklin Resources, Inc.

Charles B. Johnson

Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

Franklin Advisers, Inc.

By:   /s/MARIA GRAY

      ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

     Maria Gray

     Vice President and Secretary of Franklin Resources, Inc.

     Attorney‑in‑Fact for Charles B. Johnson pursuant to a Limited Power of Attorney

     attached to this Schedule 13D

     Attorney‑in‑Fact for Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. pursuant to a Limited Power of Attorney

     attached to this Schedule 13D

     Secretary of Franklin Advisers, Inc.

                                                EXHIBIT A

       PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, DIRECTORS AND PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS OF REPORTING PERSONS

Except where otherwise noted, each of the individuals named below is a citizen of the

United States with a principal business address as indicated below.

     FRI:     Franklin Resources, Inc.

              One Franklin Parkway

              San Mateo, CA 94403‑1906

     FRI is primarily engaged, through various subsidiaries, in providing investment management to the open-end investment companies in the Franklin Group of Funds and the Templeton Family of Funds and to domestic and international managed and institutional accounts.  FRI’s principal line of business is providing investment management, administration, distribution and related services to the Franklin Templeton Funds, managed accounts and other investment products. 

     FRI is the direct parent entity to FAV (see further description below).

     FAV: Franklin Advisers, Inc.

     One Franklin Parkway

     San Mateo, CA  94403 1906

     An investment adviser registered with the SEC and investment manager or sub adviser to a number of U.S. registered open end and closed end investment companies in the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds, non U.S. investment funds and private client accounts.

                                                   EXHIBIT B

                                            JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

      In accordance with Rule 13d‑1(k) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the undersigned

      hereby agree to the joint filing with each other of the attached statement on Schedule 13D and to all

      amendments to such statement and that such statement and all amendments to such statement are made on

      behalf of each of them.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned hereby execute this agreement as of December 7, 2018.

Franklin Resources, Inc.

Charles B. Johnson

Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

Franklin Advisers, Inc.

By:   /s/MARIA GRAY

      ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

     Maria Gray

     Vice President and Secretary of Franklin Resources, Inc.

     Attorney‑in‑Fact for Charles B. Johnson pursuant to a Limited Power of Attorney

     attached to this Schedule 13D

     Attorney‑in‑Fact for Rupert H. Johnson, Jr. pursuant to a Limited Power of Attorney

     attached to this Schedule 13D

     Secretary of Franklin Advisers, Inc.

EXHIBIT C

LIMITED POWER OF ATTORNEY

FOR SECTION 13 AND 16 REPORTING OBLIGATIONS

             Know all by these presents, that the undersigned hereby makes, constitutes and appoints each of Alison E. Baur, Maria Gray, Steven J. Gray, Kimberly H. Novotny, Karen L. Skidmore, Navid J. Tofigh and Lori A. Weber each acting individually, as the undersigned’s true and lawful attorney-in-fact, with full power and authority as hereinafter described on behalf of and in the name, place and stead of the undersigned to:

      1. prepare, execute, acknowledge, deliver and file Forms ID, Schedules 13D and 13G, and Forms 3, 4 and 5 (including any amendments thereto and any related documentation) with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and any national securities exchanges relating to Franklin Resources, Inc. (“FRI”) and/or any registered closed-end company to which an affiliate of FRI is an investment adviser (each, a “Reporting Entity”), as considered necessary or advisable under Regulation S-T and Sections 13(d) and 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, as amended from time to time (the “Exchange Act”); and

      2. seek or obtain, as the undersigned’s representative and on the undersigned’s behalf, information on transactions in the securities of any Reporting Entity from any person, including brokers, employee benefit plan administrators and trustees, and the undersigned hereby authorizes any such person to release any such information to the undersigned and approves and ratifies any such release of information; and

      3. perform any and all other acts which in the discretion of such attorney-in-fact are necessary or desirable for and on behalf of the undersigned in connection with the foregoing.

      The undersigned acknowledges that:

      1. this Limited Power of Attorney authorizes, but does not require, each such attorney-in-fact to act in their discretion on information provided to such attorney-in-fact without independent verification of such information;

      2. any documents prepared and/or executed by any such attorney-in-fact on behalf of the undersigned pursuant to this Limited Power of Attorney will be in such form and will contain such information and disclosure as such attorney-in-fact, in his or her discretion, deems necessary or desirable;

      3. none of FRI, any Reporting Entity nor any of such attorneys-in-fact assumes (i) any liability for the undersigned’s responsibility to comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act, (ii) any liability of the undersigned for any failure to comply with such requirements, or (iii) any obligation or liability of the undersigned for profit disgorgement under Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act; and

      4. this Limited Power of Attorney does not relieve the undersigned from responsibility for compliance with the undersigned’s obligations under the Exchange Act, including without limitation, the reporting requirements under Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

      The undersigned hereby gives and grants each of the foregoing attorneys-in-fact full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and thing whatsoever requisite, necessary or appropriate to be done in and about the foregoing matters as fully to all intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do if present, hereby ratifying all that each such attorney-in-fact of, for and on behalf of the undersigned, shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue of this Limited Power of Attorney.

      This Limited Power of Attorney shall remain in full force and effect until revoked by the undersigned in a signed writing delivered to each such attorney-in-fact.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has caused this Limited Power of Attorney to be executed as of this 27th day of February, 2017.

                                                                                                                                                                        /s/Charles B. Johnson

                                                                                                                                                                        Signature

                                                                                                                                                                        Charles B. Johnson

                                                                                                                                                                        Print Name

      LIMITED POWER OF ATTORNEY

FOR SECTION 13 AND 16 REPORTING OBLIGATIONS

      Know all by these presents, that the undersigned hereby makes, constitutes and appoints each of Alison E. Baur, Maria Gray, Steven J. Gray, Kimberly H. Novotny, Karen L. Skidmore, Navid J. Tofigh and Lori A. Weber each acting individually, as the undersigned’s true and lawful attorney-in-fact, with full power and authority as hereinafter described on behalf of and in the name, place and stead of the undersigned to:

      1. prepare, execute, acknow ledge, deliver and file Forms ID, Schedules 13D and 13G, and Forms 3, 4 and 5 (including any amendments thereto and any related documentation) with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and any national securities exchanges relating to Franklin Resources, Inc. (“FRI”) and/or any registered closed-end company to which an affiliate of FRI is an investment adviser (each, a “Reporting Entity”), as considered necessary or advisable under Regulation S-T and Sections 13(d) and 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, as amended from time to time (the “Exchange Act”); and

      2. seek or obtain, as the undersigned’s representative and on the undersigned’s behalf, information on transactions in the securities of any Reporting Entity from any person, including brokers, employee benefit plan administrators and trustees, and the undersigned hereby authorizes any such person to release any such information to the undersigned and approves and ratifies any such release of information; and

      3. perform any and all other acts which in the discretion of such attorney-in-fact are necessary or desirable for and on behalf of the undersigned in connection with the foregoing.

      The undersigned acknowledges that:

      1. this Limited Power of Attorney authorizes, but does not require, each such attorney-in-fact to act in their discretion on information provided to such attorney-in-fact without independent verification of such information;

      2. any documents prepared and/or executed by any such attorney-in-fact on behalf of the undersigned pursuant to this Limited Power of Attorney will be in such form and will contain such information and disclosure as such attorney-in-fact, in his or her discretion, deems necessary or desirable;

      3. none of FRI, any Reporting Entity nor any of such attorneys-in-fact assumes (i) any liability for the undersigned’s responsibility to comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act, (ii) any liability of the undersigned for any failure to comply with such requirements, or (iii) any obligation or liability of the undersigned for profit disgorgement under Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act; and

      4. this Limited Power of Attorney does not relieve the undersigned from responsibility for compliance with the undersigned’s obligations under the Exchange Act, including without limitation, the reporting requirements under Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

      The undersigned hereby gives and grants each of the foregoing attorneys-in-fact full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and thing whatsoever requisite, necessary or appropriate to be done in and about the foregoing matters as fully to all intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do if present, hereby ratifying all that each such attorney-in-fact of, for and on behalf of the undersigned, shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue of this Limited Power of Attorney.

      This Limited Power of Attorney shall remain in full force and effect until revoked by the undersigned in a signed writing delivered to each such attorney-in-fact.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has caused this Limited Power of Attorney to be executed as of this 27th day of February, 2017.

                                                                                                                                                                /s/Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

                                                                                                                                                                Signature

                                                                                                                                                                Rupert H. Johnson, Jr.

                                                                                                                                                                Print Name

The transactions listed below were sales of Common Stock.